Eye and skin exposure limits from one tested implementation of ICNIRP 2013 (180 nm to 1 mm), the repetitive-pulse and scanned-beam rules on it, and the IEC 60825-1:2014 laser classes. Every page states its model tier and references. Educational: not a substitute for a laser safety officer or the standards.
Educational only — not compliance-grade
These pages implement the published exposure limits for the cases each one states, but they are educational tools: no laser safety officer has signed them off.
Single exposures of 1 ns to 30 000 s on the tested ICNIRP 2013 tables: which limit applies, for how long, and to which part of the eye.
Longest safe exposure of a CW beam at any wavelength from 180 nm to 1 mm.
Every eye limit at a wavelength and exposure time: aperture, limit and max power.
Skin limit (180 nm – 1 mm) and how a beam compares with it.
Which part of the eye limits the exposure, across the spectrum.
The two retinal limits at 400–600 nm and when the blue-light one takes over.
C_E, α_max and T₂ for a source larger than 1.5 mrad.
Retinal image size, irradiance and the retinal limits for a beam.
Apparent source of a beam: retinal image and α with the eye accommodating.
Largest visible power within the 0.25 s blink / aversion limit.
Several lines in one beam: which add (same tissue) and which count independently.
Every eye limit at a wavelength (180 nm – 1 mm) and exposure time (1 ns – 30 000 s).
How far a beam stays hazardous, the optical density that brings it within the limits, and whether a guard's interlock acts in time.
Nominal ocular hazard distance of a direct beam, linear or Gaussian spread.
Viewing a laser spot on a matte surface: extended-source limit and hazard distance.
NOHD and OD of an elliptical diode beam (slow and fast axis).
NOHD and OD of a bare single-mode or multimode fiber end.
Direct-beam NOHD, diffuse reflection from the workpiece, eyewear OD.
Focusing handpiece: NOHD beyond the focus, eyewear OD, spot fluence and thermal relaxation time.
Eyewear OD for a CW beam, 180 nm – 1 mm.
OD from an exposure limit you supply and its aperture.
Does the interlock stop the beam before an eye can reach it? Approach time, limit time, longest stopping time.
The repetitive-pulse rules (single pulse, every pulse group, C_P) on the same limits, with the sub-nanosecond rows; a scanned beam is a train of passes over the pupil.
Largest energy per pulse of a pulse train: single pulse, average power and C_P, and the rule that binds.
A beam sweeping across the eye as a train of passes: max power, the gain over a still beam, scan failure.
Femtosecond and picosecond lasers: sub-ns limits, the average-power rule of MHz trains, OD and NOHD.
Stationary 905 or 1550 nm lidar beam: NOHD, exposure at a viewing distance, eyewear OD.
Energy per pulse across the spectrum, one pulse or a train: why 1.4–2.6 µm is called eye-safe.
Accessible emission limits rebuilt from the same tested ICNIRP 2013 limits (IEC's own values in the UV), for CW lasers. Classifying a product needs the standard and measurements.
Class 1 to 4 of a CW laser from its power, wavelength and beam, naked eye and binoculars.
Accessible emission limits of each class, for one emission or a CW laser.
Exposure limit against emission limit: where IEC and ICNIRP part, and what ANSI does differently.
Class of a product enclosing a stronger laser, and the OD its opening needs for Class 1.
Class, NOHD, and how far a pointer dazzles (ICAO glare and flash-blindness levels).
Class, NOHD, eyewear OD and diffuse reflection of a lab laser, against the room size.
Spectrally weighted hazards of lamps and LEDs: ICNIRP's actinic S(λ) and blue-light B(λ) functions and the IEC 62471 risk groups.
Unit conversions and beam arithmetic used by the pages above.
Convert 1/e², 1/e, and FWHM beam widths.
Basic beam expansion and irradiance scaling helper.
Pulse energy / pulse duration / peak power math helper.
Irradiance math helper from power and beam size.
Beer–Lambert style attenuation helper for outdoor concepts.
Heating of an eyewear filter or lens by the beam it absorbs, and how long it lasts.